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1. Understanding Crime: The Prime Context1

Predator1

Crime3

Lay Explanations of Crime4

Scientific Explanations of Crime6

Rapprochement8

In Context8

The Organization of This Book9

Conclusion12

Key Terms and Concepts13

2. Latent Structure: The Criminal Lifestyle in a Dimensional Context14

The Self-Mutilator14

What Is Latent Structure?15

The Taxometric Method16

Identifying the Number of Dimensions or Classes18

Behavioral Dimensions of a Criminal Lifestyle23

Cognitive Dimensions of a Criminal Lifestyle24

General Belief Systems25

Schematic Subnetworks27

Specific Criminal Thoughts30

Why Should We Care About Latent Structure?30

Theoretical Implications31

Research Implications31

Practical Implications32

Conclusion33

Key Terms and Concepts34

3. Classification: The Criminal Lifestyle in a Diagnostic Context35

Mr. Consistency35

Diagnostic Functions36

Essentials of Categorical Diagnosis38

Essentials of Dimensional Diagnosis39

Constructing a Dimensional Diagnosis for the Criminal Lifestyle40

Lifestyle Criminality Screening Form40

Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles47

Analyzing Trends and Identifying Patterns56

Trend and Pattern Analysis of Will's Lifestyle Criminality Screening Form and Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles56

Trend and Pattern Analysis of Pete's Lifestyle Criminality Screening Form and Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles58

Trend and Pattern Analysis of Rick 's Lifestyle Criminality Screening Form and Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles60

Conclusion62

Key Terms and Concepts63

4. Assessment: The Criminal Lifestyle in an Appraisal Context64

Tuesday's Child64

Clinical Forensic Assessment66

Construct Assessment67

Risk Assessment67

Broadband Clinical Forensic Assessment Instruments69

Lifestyle Criminality Screening Form69

Psychopathy Checklist-Revised72

Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles74

Level of Service Inventory-Revised77

Prediction-Oriented and Management-Oriented Risk Assessment80

Narrowband Clinical Forensic Assessment Instruments81

General Violence81

Domestic Violence82

Sexual Violence83

Clinical Forensic Evaluation of Grace83

Construct Assessment86

Risk Assessment86

Overall Impression86

Conclusion87

Key Terms and Concepts88

5. Development or Propensity: The Criminal Lifestyle in an Etiological Context89

Born Under a Bad Sign89

Development Versus Propensity in Explaining Crime92

Moffitt's Developmental Taxonomy92

Sampson and Laub's Age-Graded Theory of Informal Social Control94

Hare's Psychopathy Construct96

Gottfredson and Hirschi's General Theory of Crime97

Strengths and Weaknesses of the Four Models99

A Lifestyle Theory of Crime101

Precursors to a Criminal Lifestyle101

Phase Ⅰ: Initiation102

Phase Ⅱ: Transition107

Phase Ⅲ: Maintenance110

Phase Ⅳ: Burnout and Maturity112

Jerry Revisited: A Developmental Analysis115

Conclusion117

Key Terms and Concepts117

6. Phenomenology: The Criminal Lifestyle in a Subjective Context119

Married to the Mob119

Phenomenology122

Responses to the Ten Questions123

Q1. Tell Me About Your Life Before Crime.123

Q2. Describe Your Initiation Into Crime.125

Q3. Discuss How You Became Committed to a Criminal Lifestyle.127

Q4. What Do You Think You Learned From Prison?129

Q5. What Factors Encourage or Facilitate Your Continued Involvement in a Criminal Lifestyle?131

Q6. What Factors Discourage or Hinder Your Continued Involvement in a Criminal Lifestyle?134

Q7. Relate to Me Your View of Society (Its People,Policies, and Institutions).135

Q8. How Do You Rate Yourself on the (Eight)Thinking Styles and (Four) Behavioral Styles of a Criminal Lifestyle?137

Q9. If You Were to Abandon the Criminal Lifestyle Today, What Would You Miss Most?139

Q10. How Do You See Your Future?141

Conclusion142

Key Terms and Concepts143

7. Intervention: The Criminal Lifestyle in a Programmatic Context144

The Boxer144

Programmed Intervention147

Unassisted Change148

The "Nothing Works" Controversy150

Finding a Philosophy151

The Conflict Philosophy152

The Moral Philosophy153

The Fulfillment Philosophy153

The Learning Philosophy153

Implementing the Program154

Individual Versus Group Intervention154

Preconditions for Change155

Phases of Change158

Matching Offenders to Interventions161

Specific Intervention Strategies162

Evaluating the Outcome167

Conceptual Issues167

Sampling Issues168

Practical Issues168

Measurement Issues169

An Example: The Lifestyle Change Program169

Conclusion172

Key Terms and Concepts173

8. Prevention: The Criminal Lifestyle in a High-Risk Youth Context174

Dennis the Menace174

Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Prevention176

The Lifestyle Approach to Secondary Prevention177

Incentive177

Opportunity180

Choice191

Conclusion192

Key Terms and Concepts194

9. Mental Illness and Malingering: The Criminal Lifestyle in an Application Context195

Tattoo195

Mental Illness196

Prevalence197

Latent Structure198

Diagnosis and Assessment198

Development199

Intervention200

Malingering205

Prevalence206

Latent Structure206

Diagnosis and Assessment207

Development210

Intervention210

Conclusion212

Key Terms and Concepts213

10. Future Contexts and Distant Horizons214

The Second Story Man214

Understanding Crime: The Prime Context217

Future Dimensional Contexts218

Future Diagnostic Contexts219

Future Appraisal Contexts221

Future Etiological Contexts222

Future Subjective Contexts223

Future Programmatic Contexts224

Future Preventive Contexts225

Future Application Contexts226

Conclusion228

Key Terms and Concepts228

References229

Index263